using ARMeilleure.Memory;
using Ryujinx.Cpu.Tracking;
using Ryujinx.Memory;
using Ryujinx.Memory.Tracking;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Threading;

namespace Ryujinx.Cpu
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents a CPU memory manager.
    /// </summary>
    public sealed class MemoryManager : IMemoryManager, IVirtualMemoryManager, IWritableBlock, IDisposable
    {
        public const int PageBits = 12;
        public const int PageSize = 1 << PageBits;
        public const int PageMask = PageSize - 1;

        private const int PteSize = 8;

        private const int PointerTagBit = 62;

        private readonly InvalidAccessHandler _invalidAccessHandler;

        /// <summary>
        /// Address space width in bits.
        /// </summary>
        public int AddressSpaceBits { get; }

        private readonly ulong _addressSpaceSize;

        private readonly MemoryBlock _backingMemory;
        private readonly MemoryBlock _pageTable;

        /// <summary>
        /// Page table base pointer.
        /// </summary>
        public IntPtr PageTablePointer => _pageTable.Pointer;

        public MemoryTracking Tracking { get; }

        internal event Action<ulong, ulong> UnmapEvent;

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates a new instance of the memory manager.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="backingMemory">Physical backing memory where virtual memory will be mapped to</param>
        /// <param name="addressSpaceSize">Size of the address space</param>
        /// <param name="invalidAccessHandler">Optional function to handle invalid memory accesses</param>
        public MemoryManager(MemoryBlock backingMemory, ulong addressSpaceSize, InvalidAccessHandler invalidAccessHandler = null)
        {
            _invalidAccessHandler = invalidAccessHandler;

            ulong asSize = PageSize;
            int asBits = PageBits;

            while (asSize < addressSpaceSize)
            {
                asSize <<= 1;
                asBits++;
            }

            AddressSpaceBits = asBits;
            _addressSpaceSize = asSize;
            _backingMemory = backingMemory;
            _pageTable = new MemoryBlock((asSize / PageSize) * PteSize);

            Tracking = new MemoryTracking(this, backingMemory, PageSize);
            Tracking.EnablePhysicalProtection = false; // Disabled for now, as protection is done in software.
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Maps a virtual memory range into a physical memory range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// Addresses and size must be page aligned.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual memory address</param>
        /// <param name="pa">Physical memory address</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size to be mapped</param>
        public void Map(ulong va, ulong pa, ulong size)
        {
            ulong remainingSize = size;
            ulong oVa = va;
            ulong oPa = pa;
            while (remainingSize != 0)
            {
                _pageTable.Write((va / PageSize) * PteSize, PaToPte(pa));

                va += PageSize;
                pa += PageSize;
                remainingSize -= PageSize;
            }
            Tracking.Map(oVa, oPa, size);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Unmaps a previously mapped range of virtual memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the range to be unmapped</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the range to be unmapped</param>
        public void Unmap(ulong va, ulong size)
        {
            // If size is 0, there's nothing to unmap, just exit early.
            if (size == 0)
            {
                return;
            }

            UnmapEvent?.Invoke(va, size);

            ulong remainingSize = size;
            ulong oVa = va;
            while (remainingSize != 0)
            {
                _pageTable.Write((va / PageSize) * PteSize, 0UL);

                va += PageSize;
                remainingSize -= PageSize;
            }
            Tracking.Unmap(oVa, size);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads data from CPU mapped memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the data being read</typeparam>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data in memory</param>
        /// <returns>The data</returns>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public T Read<T>(ulong va) where T : unmanaged
        {
            return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, T>(GetSpan(va, Unsafe.SizeOf<T>(), true))[0];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads data from CPU mapped memory, with read tracking
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the data being read</typeparam>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data in memory</param>
        /// <returns>The data</returns>
        public T ReadTracked<T>(ulong va) where T : unmanaged
        {
            SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>(), false);
            return MemoryMarshal.Cast<byte, T>(GetSpan(va, Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()))[0];
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reads data from CPU mapped memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data in memory</param>
        /// <param name="data">Span to store the data being read into</param>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public void Read(ulong va, Span<byte> data)
        {
            ReadImpl(va, data);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the data being written</typeparam>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to write the data into</param>
        /// <param name="value">Data to be written</param>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public void Write<T>(ulong va, T value) where T : unmanaged
        {
            Write(va, MemoryMarshal.Cast<T, byte>(MemoryMarshal.CreateSpan(ref value, 1)));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory, with write tracking.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to write the data into</param>
        /// <param name="data">Data to be written</param>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public void Write(ulong va, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
        {
            if (data.Length == 0)
            {
                return;
            }

            SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)data.Length, true);

            WriteImpl(va, data);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory, without write tracking.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to write the data into</param>
        /// <param name="data">Data to be written</param>
        public void WriteUntracked(ulong va, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
        {
            if (data.Length == 0)
            {
                return;
            }

            WriteImpl(va, data);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Writes data to CPU mapped memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to write the data into</param>
        /// <param name="data">Data to be written</param>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private void WriteImpl(ulong va, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
        {
            try
            {
                if (IsContiguousAndMapped(va, data.Length))
                {
                    data.CopyTo(_backingMemory.GetSpan(GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va), data.Length));
                }
                else
                {
                    int offset = 0, size;

                    if ((va & PageMask) != 0)
                    {
                        ulong pa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);

                        size = Math.Min(data.Length, PageSize - (int)(va & PageMask));

                        data.Slice(0, size).CopyTo(_backingMemory.GetSpan(pa, size));

                        offset += size;
                    }

                    for (; offset < data.Length; offset += size)
                    {
                        ulong pa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + (ulong)offset);

                        size = Math.Min(data.Length - offset, PageSize);

                        data.Slice(offset, size).CopyTo(_backingMemory.GetSpan(pa, size));
                    }
                }
            }
            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
            {
                if (_invalidAccessHandler == null || !_invalidAccessHandler(va))
                {
                    throw;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a read-only span of data from CPU mapped memory.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// This may perform a allocation if the data is not contiguous in memory.
        /// For this reason, the span is read-only, you can't modify the data.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the data</param>
        /// <param name="tracked">True if read tracking is triggered on the span</param>
        /// <returns>A read-only span of the data</returns>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public ReadOnlySpan<byte> GetSpan(ulong va, int size, bool tracked = false)
        {
            if (size == 0)
            {
                return ReadOnlySpan<byte>.Empty;
            }

            if (tracked)
            {
                SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)size, false);
            }

            if (IsContiguousAndMapped(va, size))
            {
                return _backingMemory.GetSpan(GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va), size);
            }
            else
            {
                Span<byte> data = new byte[size];

                ReadImpl(va, data);

                return data;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a region of memory that can be written to.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the requested region is not contiguous in physical memory,
        /// this will perform an allocation, and flush the data (writing it
        /// back to guest memory) on disposal.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the data</param>
        /// <returns>A writable region of memory containing the data</returns>
        /// <exception cref="InvalidMemoryRegionException">Throw for unhandled invalid or unmapped memory accesses</exception>
        public WritableRegion GetWritableRegion(ulong va, int size)
        {
            if (size == 0)
            {
                return new WritableRegion(null, va, Memory<byte>.Empty);
            }

            if (IsContiguousAndMapped(va, size))
            {
                return new WritableRegion(null, va, _backingMemory.GetMemory(GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va), size));
            }
            else
            {
                Memory<byte> memory = new byte[size];

                GetSpan(va, size).CopyTo(memory.Span);

                return new WritableRegion(this, va, memory);
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets a reference for the given type at the specified virtual memory address.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// The data must be located at a contiguous memory region.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <typeparam name="T">Type of the data to get the reference</typeparam>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the data</param>
        /// <returns>A reference to the data in memory</returns>
        /// <exception cref="MemoryNotContiguousException">Throw if the specified memory region is not contiguous in physical memory</exception>
        public ref T GetRef<T>(ulong va) where T : unmanaged
        {
            if (!IsContiguous(va, Unsafe.SizeOf<T>()))
            {
                ThrowMemoryNotContiguous();
            }

            SignalMemoryTracking(va, (ulong)Unsafe.SizeOf<T>(), true);

            return ref _backingMemory.GetRef<T>(GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va));
        }

        private void ThrowMemoryNotContiguous() => throw new MemoryNotContiguousException();

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private bool IsContiguousAndMapped(ulong va, int size) => IsContiguous(va, size) && IsMapped(va);

        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        private bool IsContiguous(ulong va, int size)
        {
            if (!ValidateAddress(va))
            {
                return false;
            }

            ulong endVa = (va + (ulong)size + PageMask) & ~(ulong)PageMask;

            va &= ~(ulong)PageMask;

            int pages = (int)((endVa - va) / PageSize);

            for (int page = 0; page < pages - 1; page++)
            {
                if (!ValidateAddress(va + PageSize))
                {
                    return false;
                }

                if (GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va) + PageSize != GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + PageSize))
                {
                    return false;
                }

                va += PageSize;
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the physical regions that make up the given virtual address region.
        /// If any part of the virtual region is unmapped, null is returned.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the range</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the range</param>
        /// <returns>Array of physical regions</returns>
        public (ulong address, ulong size)[] GetPhysicalRegions(ulong va, ulong size)
        {
            if (!ValidateAddress(va))
            {
                return null;
            }

            ulong endVa = (va + size + PageMask) & ~(ulong)PageMask;

            va &= ~(ulong)PageMask;

            int pages = (int)((endVa - va) / PageSize);

            List<(ulong, ulong)> regions = new List<(ulong, ulong)>();

            ulong regionStart = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);
            ulong regionSize = PageSize;

            for (int page = 0; page < pages - 1; page++)
            {
                if (!ValidateAddress(va + PageSize))
                {
                    return null;
                }

                ulong newPa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + PageSize);

                if (GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va) + PageSize != newPa)
                {
                    regions.Add((regionStart, regionSize));
                    regionStart = newPa;
                    regionSize = 0;
                }

                va += PageSize;
                regionSize += PageSize;
            }

            regions.Add((regionStart, regionSize));

            return regions.ToArray();
        }

        private void ReadImpl(ulong va, Span<byte> data)
        {
            if (data.Length == 0)
            {
                return;
            }

            try
            {
                int offset = 0, size;

                if ((va & PageMask) != 0)
                {
                    ulong pa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);

                    size = Math.Min(data.Length, PageSize - (int)(va & PageMask));

                    _backingMemory.GetSpan(pa, size).CopyTo(data.Slice(0, size));

                    offset += size;
                }

                for (; offset < data.Length; offset += size)
                {
                    ulong pa = GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va + (ulong)offset);

                    size = Math.Min(data.Length - offset, PageSize);

                    _backingMemory.GetSpan(pa, size).CopyTo(data.Slice(offset, size));
                }
            }
            catch (InvalidMemoryRegionException)
            {
                if (_invalidAccessHandler == null || !_invalidAccessHandler(va))
                {
                    throw;
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if a memory range is mapped.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the range</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the range in bytes</param>
        /// <returns>True if the entire range is mapped, false otherwise</returns>
        public bool IsRangeMapped(ulong va, ulong size)
        {
            if (size == 0UL)
            {
                return true;
            }

            ulong endVa = (va + size + PageMask) & ~(ulong)PageMask;

            va &= ~(ulong)PageMask;

            while (va < endVa)
            {
                if (!IsMapped(va))
                {
                    return false;
                }

                va += PageSize;
            }

            return true;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Checks if the page at a given CPU virtual address is mapped.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to check</param>
        /// <returns>True if the address is mapped, false otherwise</returns>
        [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
        public bool IsMapped(ulong va)
        {
            if (!ValidateAddress(va))
            {
                return false;
            }

            return _pageTable.Read<ulong>((va / PageSize) * PteSize) != 0;
        }

        private bool ValidateAddress(ulong va)
        {
            return va < _addressSpaceSize;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Performs address translation of the address inside a CPU mapped memory range.
        /// </summary>
        /// <remarks>
        /// If the address is invalid or unmapped, -1 will be returned.
        /// </remarks>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address to be translated</param>
        /// <returns>The physical address</returns>
        public ulong GetPhysicalAddress(ulong va)
        {
            // We return -1L if the virtual address is invalid or unmapped.
            if (!ValidateAddress(va) || !IsMapped(va))
            {
                return ulong.MaxValue;
            }

            return GetPhysicalAddressInternal(va);
        }

        private ulong GetPhysicalAddressInternal(ulong va)
        {
            return PteToPa(_pageTable.Read<ulong>((va / PageSize) * PteSize) & ~(0xffffUL << 48)) + (va & PageMask);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Reprotect a region of virtual memory for tracking. Sets software protection bits.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address base</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region to protect</param>
        /// <param name="protection">Memory protection to set</param>
        public void TrackingReprotect(ulong va, ulong size, MemoryPermission protection)
        {
            // Protection is inverted on software pages, since the default value is 0.
            protection = (~protection) & MemoryPermission.ReadAndWrite;

            long tag = protection switch
            {
                MemoryPermission.None => 0L,
                MemoryPermission.Write => 2L << PointerTagBit,
                _ => 3L << PointerTagBit
            };

            ulong endVa = (va + size + PageMask) & ~(ulong)PageMask;
            long invTagMask = ~(0xffffL << 48);

            while (va < endVa)
            {
                ref long pageRef = ref _pageTable.GetRef<long>((va >> PageBits) * PteSize);

                long pte;

                do
                {
                    pte = Volatile.Read(ref pageRef);
                }
                while (Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref pageRef, (pte & invTagMask) | tag, pte) != pte);

                va += PageSize;
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Obtains a memory tracking handle for the given virtual region. This should be disposed when finished with.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">CPU virtual address of the region</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
        /// <returns>The memory tracking handle</returns>
        public CpuRegionHandle BeginTracking(ulong address, ulong size)
        {
            return new CpuRegionHandle(Tracking.BeginTracking(address, size));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Obtains a memory tracking handle for the given virtual region, with a specified granularity. This should be disposed when finished with.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">CPU virtual address of the region</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
        /// <param name="granularity">Desired granularity of write tracking</param>
        /// <returns>The memory tracking handle</returns>
        public CpuMultiRegionHandle BeginGranularTracking(ulong address, ulong size, ulong granularity)
        {
            return new CpuMultiRegionHandle(Tracking.BeginGranularTracking(address, size, granularity));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Obtains a smart memory tracking handle for the given virtual region, with a specified granularity. This should be disposed when finished with.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="address">CPU virtual address of the region</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
        /// <param name="granularity">Desired granularity of write tracking</param>
        /// <returns>The memory tracking handle</returns>
        public CpuSmartMultiRegionHandle BeginSmartGranularTracking(ulong address, ulong size, ulong granularity)
        {
            return new CpuSmartMultiRegionHandle(Tracking.BeginSmartGranularTracking(address, size, granularity));
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Alerts the memory tracking that a given region has been read from or written to.
        /// This should be called before read/write is performed.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="va">Virtual address of the region</param>
        /// <param name="size">Size of the region</param>
        public void SignalMemoryTracking(ulong va, ulong size, bool write)
        {
            // We emulate guard pages for software memory access. This makes for an easy transition to
            // tracking using host guard pages in future, but also supporting platforms where this is not possible.

            // Write tag includes read protection, since we don't have any read actions that aren't performed before write too.
            long tag = (write ? 3L : 1L) << PointerTagBit;

            ulong endVa = (va + size + PageMask) & ~(ulong)PageMask;

            while (va < endVa)
            {
                ref long pageRef = ref _pageTable.GetRef<long>((va >> PageBits) * PteSize);

                long pte;

                pte = Volatile.Read(ref pageRef);

                if ((pte & tag) != 0)
                {
                    Tracking.VirtualMemoryEvent(va, size, write);
                    break;
                }

                va += PageSize;
            }
        }

        private ulong PaToPte(ulong pa)
        {
            return (ulong)_backingMemory.GetPointer(pa, PageSize).ToInt64();
        }

        private ulong PteToPa(ulong pte)
        {
            return (ulong)((long)pte - _backingMemory.Pointer.ToInt64());
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Disposes of resources used by the memory manager.
        /// </summary>
        public void Dispose() => _pageTable.Dispose();
    }
}