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Advanced features of liblzma
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----------------------------
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0. Introduction
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Most developers need only the basic features of liblzma. These
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features allow single-threaded encoding and decoding of .lzma files
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in streamed mode.
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In some cases developers want more. The .lzma file format is
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designed to allow multi-threaded encoding and decoding and limited
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random-access reading. These features are possible in non-streamed
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mode and limitedly also in streamed mode.
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To take advange of these features, the application needs a custom
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.lzma file format handler. liblzma provides a set of tools to ease
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this task, but it's still quite a bit of work to get a good custom
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.lzma handler done.
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1. Where to begin
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Start by reading the .lzma file format specification. Understanding
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the basics of the .lzma file structure is required to implement a
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custom .lzma file handler and to understand the rest of this document.
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2. The basic components
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2.1. Stream Header and tail
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Stream Header begins the .lzma Stream and Stream tail ends it. Stream
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Header is defined in the file format specification, but Stream tail
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isn't (thus I write "tail" with a lower-case letter). Stream tail is
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simply the Stream Flags and the Footer Magic Bytes fields together.
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It was done this way in liblzma, because the Block coders take care
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of the rest of the stuff in the Stream Footer.
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For now, the size of Stream Header is fixed to 11 bytes. The header
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<lzma/stream_flags.h> defines LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE, which you
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should use instead of a hardcoded number. Similarly, Stream tail
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is fixed to 3 bytes, and there is a constant LZMA_STREAM_TAIL_SIZE.
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It is possible, that a future version of the .lzma format will have
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variable-sized Stream Header and tail. As of writing, this seems so
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unlikely though, that it was considered simplest to just use a
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constant instead of providing a functions to get and store the sizes
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of the Stream Header and tail.
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2.x. Stream tail
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For now, the size of Stream tail is fixed to 3 bytes. The header
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<lzma/stream_flags.h> defines LZMA_STREAM_TAIL_SIZE, which you
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should use instead of a hardcoded number.
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3. Keeping track of size information
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The lzma_info_* functions found from <lzma/info.h> should ease the
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task of keeping track of sizes of the Blocks and also the Stream
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as a whole. Using these functions is strongly recommended, because
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there are surprisingly many situations where an error can occur,
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and these functions check for possible errors every time some new
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information becomes available.
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If you find lzma_info_* functions lacking something that you would
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find useful, please contact the author.
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3.1. Start offset of the Stream
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If you are storing the .lzma Stream inside anothe file format, or
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for some other reason are placing the .lzma Stream to somewhere
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else than to the beginning of the file, you should tell the starting
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offset of the Stream using lzma_info_start_offset_set().
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The start offset of the Stream is used for two distinct purporses.
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First, knowing the start offset of the Stream allows
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lzma_info_alignment_get() to correctly calculate the alignment of
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every Block. This information is given to the Block encoder, which
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will calculate the size of Header Padding so that Compressed Data
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is alignment at an optimal offset.
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Another use for start offset of the Stream is in random-access
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reading. If you set the start offset of the Stream, lzma_info_locate()
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will be able to calculate the offset relative to the beginning of the
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file containing the Stream (instead of offset relative to the
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beginning of the Stream).
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3.2. Size of Stream Header
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While the size of Stream Header is constant (11 bytes) in the current
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version of the .lzma file format, this may change in future.
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3.3. Size of Header Metadata Block
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This information is needed when doing random-access reading, and
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to verify the value of this field stored in Footer Metadata Block.
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3.4. Total Size of the Data Blocks
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3.5. Uncompressed Size of Data Blocks
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3.6. Index
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x. Alignment
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There are a few slightly different types of alignment issues when
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working with .lzma files.
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The .lzma format doesn't strictly require any kind of alignment.
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However, if the encoder carefully optimizes the alignment in all
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situations, it can improve compression ratio, speed of the encoder
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and decoder, and slightly help if the files get damaged and need
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recovery.
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Alignment has the most significant effect compression ratio FIXME
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x.1. Compression ratio
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Some filters take advantage of the alignment of the input data.
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To get the best compression ratio, make sure that you feed these
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filters correctly aligned data.
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Some filters (e.g. LZMA) don't necessarily mind too much if the
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input doesn't match the preferred alignment. With these filters
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the penalty in compression ratio depends on the specific type of
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data being compressed.
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Other filters (e.g. PowerPC executable filter) won't work at all
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with data that is improperly aligned. While the data can still
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be de-filtered back to its original form, the benefit of the
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filtering (better compression ratio) is completely lost, because
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these filters expect certain patterns at properly aligned offsets.
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The compression ratio may even worse with incorrectly aligned input
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than without the filter.
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x.1.1. Inter-filter alignment
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When there are multiple filters chained, checking the alignment can
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be useful not only with the input of the first filter and output of
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the last filter, but also between the filters.
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Inter-filter alignment important especially with the Subblock filter.
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x.1.2. Further compression with external tools
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This is relatively rare situation in practice, but still worth
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understanding.
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Let's say that there are several SPARC executables, which are each
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filtered to separate .lzma files using only the SPARC filter. If
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Uncompressed Size is written to the Block Header, the size of Block
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Header may vary between the .lzma files. If no Padding is used in
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the Block Header to correct the alignment, the starting offset of
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the Compressed Data field will be differently aligned in different
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.lzma files.
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All these .lzma files are archived into a single .tar archive. Due
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to nature of the .tar format, every file is aligned inside the
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archive to an offset that is a multiple of 512 bytes.
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The .tar archive is compressed into a new .lzma file using the LZMA
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filter with options, that prefer input alignment of four bytes. Now
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if the independent .lzma files don't have the same alignment of
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the Compressed Data fields, the LZMA filter will be unable to take
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advantage of the input alignment between the files in the .tar
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archive, which reduces compression ratio.
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Thus, even if you have only single Block per file, it can be good for
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compression ratio to align the Compressed Data to optimal offset.
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x.2. Speed
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Most modern computers are faster when multi-byte data is located
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at aligned offsets in RAM. Proper alignment of the Compressed Data
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fields can slightly increase the speed of some filters.
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x.3. Recovery
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Aligning every Block Header to start at an offset with big enough
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alignment may ease or at least speed up recovery of broken files.
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y. Typical usage cases
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y.x. Parsing the Stream backwards
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You may need to parse the Stream backwards if you need to get
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information such as the sizes of the Stream, Index, or Extra.
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The basic procedure to do this follows.
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Locate the end of the Stream. If the Stream is stored as is in a
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standalone .lzma file, simply seek to the end of the file and start
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reading backwards using appropriate buffer size. The file format
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specification allows arbitrary amount of Footer Padding (zero or more
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NUL bytes), which you skip before trying to decode the Stream tail.
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Once you have located the end of the Stream (a non-NULL byte), make
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sure you have at least the last LZMA_STREAM_TAIL_SIZE bytes of the
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Stream in a buffer. If there isn't enough bytes left from the file,
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the file is too small to contain a valid Stream. Decode the Stream
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tail using lzma_stream_tail_decoder(). Store the offset of the first
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byte of the Stream tail; you will need it later.
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You may now want to do some internal verifications e.g. if the Check
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type is supported by the liblzma build you are using.
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Decode the Backward Size field with lzma_vli_reverse_decode(). The
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field is at maximum of LZMA_VLI_BYTES_MAX bytes long. Check that
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Backward Size is not zero. Store the offset of the first byte of
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the Backward Size; you will need it later.
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Now you know the Total Size of the last Block of the Stream. It's the
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value of Backward Size plus the size of the Backward Size field. Note
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that you cannot use lzma_vli_size() to calculate the size since there
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might be padding; you need to use the real observed size of the
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Backward Size field.
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At this point, the operation continues differently for Single-Block
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and Multi-Block Streams.
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y.x.1. Single-Block Stream
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There might be Uncompressed Size field present in the Stream Footer.
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You cannot know it for sure unless you have already parsed the Block
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Header earlier. For security reasons, you probably want to try to
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decode the Uncompressed Size field, but you must not indicate any
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error if decoding fails. Later you can give the decoded Uncompressed
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Size to Block decoder if Uncopmressed Size isn't otherwise known;
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this prevents it from producing too much output in case of (possibly
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intentionally) corrupt file.
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Calculate the start offset of the Stream:
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backward_offset - backward_size - LZMA_STREAM_HEADER_SIZE
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backward_offset is the offset of the first byte of the Backward Size
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field. Remember to check for integer overflows, which can occur with
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invalid input files.
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Seek to the beginning of the Stream. Decode the Stream Header using
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lzma_stream_header_decoder(). Verify that the decoded Stream Flags
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match the values found from Stream tail. You can use the
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lzma_stream_flags_is_equal() macro for this.
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Decode the Block Header. Verify that it isn't a Metadata Block, since
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Single-Block Streams cannot have Metadata. If Uncompressed Size is
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present in the Block Header, the value you tried to decode from the
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Stream Footer must be ignored, since Uncompressed Size wasn't actually
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present there. If Block Header doesn't have Uncompressed Size, and
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decoding the Uncompressed Size field from the Stream Footer failed,
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the file is corrupt.
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If you were only looking for the Uncompressed Size of the Stream,
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you now got that information, and you can stop processing the Stream.
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To decode the Block, the same instructions apply as described in
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FIXME. However, because you have some extra known information decoded
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from the Stream Footer, you should give this information to the Block
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decoder so that it can verify it while decoding:
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- If Uncompressed Size is not present in the Block Header, set
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lzma_options_block.uncompressed_size to the value you decoded
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from the Stream Footer.
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- Always set lzma_options_block.total_size to backward_size +
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size_of_backward_size (you calculated this sum earlier already).
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y.x.2. Multi-Block Stream
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Calculate the start offset of the Footer Metadata Block:
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|
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backward_offset - backward_size
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|
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backward_offset is the offset of the first byte of the Backward Size
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field. Remember to check for integer overflows, which can occur with
|
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broken input files.
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|
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Decode the Block Header. Verify that it is a Metadata Block. Set
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lzma_options_block.total_size to backward_size + size_of_backward_size
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(you calculated this sum earlier already). Then decode the Footer
|
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Metadata Block.
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Store the decoded Footer Metadata to lzma_info structure using
|
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lzma_info_set_metadata(). Set also the offset of the Backward Size
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field using lzma_info_size_set(). Then you can get the start offset
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of the Stream using lzma_info_size_get(). Note that any of these steps
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may fail so don't omit error checking.
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|
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Seek to the beginning of the Stream. Decode the Stream Header using
|
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lzma_stream_header_decoder(). Verify that the decoded Stream Flags
|
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match the values found from Stream tail. You can use the
|
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lzma_stream_flags_is_equal() macro for this.
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|
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If you were only looking for the Uncompressed Size of the Stream,
|
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it's possible that you already have it now. If Uncompressed Size (or
|
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whatever information you were looking for) isn't available yet,
|
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continue by decoding also the Header Metadata Block. (If some
|
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information is missing, the Header Metadata Block has to be present.)
|
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|
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Decoding the Data Blocks goes the same way as described in FIXME.
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|
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y.x.3. Variations
|
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|
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If you know the offset of the beginning of the Stream, you may want
|
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to parse the Stream Header before parsing the Stream tail.
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|
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@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
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Hacking liblzma
|
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---------------
|
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|
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0. Preface
|
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|
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This document gives some overall information about the internals of
|
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liblzma, which should make it easier to start reading and modifying
|
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the code.
|
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|
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|
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1. Programming language
|
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|
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liblzma was written in C99. If you use GCC, this means that you need
|
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at least GCC 3.x.x. GCC 2 isn't and won't be supported.
|
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|
||||
Some GCC-specific extensions are used *conditionally*. They aren't
|
||||
required to build a full-featured library. Don't make the code rely
|
||||
on any non-standard compiler extensions or even C99 features that
|
||||
aren't portable between almost-C99 compatible compilers (for example
|
||||
non-static inlines).
|
||||
|
||||
The public API headers are in C89. This is to avoid frustrating those
|
||||
who maintain programs, which are strictly in C89 or C++.
|
||||
|
||||
An assumption about sizeof(size_t) is made. If this assumption is
|
||||
wrong, some porting is probably needed:
|
||||
|
||||
sizeof(uint32_t) <= sizeof(size_t) <= sizeof(uint64_t)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. Internal vs. external API
|
||||
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||||
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|
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Input Output
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v Application ^
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| liblzma public API |
|
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| Stream coder |
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||||
| Block coder |
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| Filter coder |
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||||
| ... |
|
||||
v Filter coder ^
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Application
|
||||
`-- liblzma public API
|
||||
`-- Stream coder
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||||
|-- Stream info handler
|
||||
|-- Stream Header coder
|
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|-- Block Header coder
|
||||
| `-- Filter Flags coder
|
||||
|-- Metadata coder
|
||||
| `-- Block coder
|
||||
| `-- Filter 0
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| `-- Filter 1
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| ...
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||||
|-- Data Block coder
|
||||
| `-- Filter 0
|
||||
| `-- Filter 1
|
||||
| ...
|
||||
`-- Stream tail coder
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
x. Designing new filters
|
||||
|
||||
All filters must be designed so that the decoder cannot consume
|
||||
arbitrary amount input without producing any decoded output. Failing
|
||||
to follow this rule makes liblzma vulnerable to DoS attacks if
|
||||
untrusted files are decoded (usually they are untrusted).
|
||||
|
||||
An example should clarify the reason behind this requirement: There
|
||||
are two filters in the chain. The decoder of the first filter produces
|
||||
huge amount of output (many gigabytes or more) with a few bytes of
|
||||
input, which gets passed to the decoder of the second filter. If the
|
||||
data passed to the second filter is interpreted as something that
|
||||
produces no output (e.g. padding), the filter chain as a whole
|
||||
produces no output and consumes no input for a long period of time.
|
||||
|
||||
The above problem was present in the first versions of the Subblock
|
||||
filter. A tiny .lzma file could have taken several years to decode
|
||||
while it wouldn't produce any output at all. The problem was fixed
|
||||
by adding limits for number of consecutive Padding bytes, and requiring
|
||||
that some decoded output must be produced between Set Subfilter and
|
||||
Unset Subfilter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
x. Implementing new filters
|
||||
|
||||
If the filter supports embedding End of Payload Marker, make sure that
|
||||
when your filter detects End of Payload Marker,
|
||||
- the usage of End of Payload Marker is actually allowed (i.e. End
|
||||
of Input isn't used); and
|
||||
- it also checks that there is no more input coming from the next
|
||||
filter in the chain.
|
||||
|
||||
The second requirement is slightly tricky. It's possible that the next
|
||||
filter hasn't returned LZMA_STREAM_END yet. It may even need a few
|
||||
bytes more input before it will do so. You need to give it as much
|
||||
input as it needs, and verify that it doesn't produce any output.
|
||||
|
||||
Don't call the next filter in the chain after it has returned
|
||||
LZMA_STREAM_END (except in encoder if action == LZMA_SYNC_FLUSH).
|
||||
It will result undefined behavior.
|
||||
|
||||
Be pedantic. If the input data isn't exactly valid, reject it.
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment, liblzma isn't modular. You will need to edit several
|
||||
files in src/liblzma/common to include support for a new filter. grep
|
||||
for LZMA_FILTER_LZMA to locate the files needing changes.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Introduction to liblzma
|
||||
-----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Writing applications to work with liblzma
|
||||
|
||||
liblzma API is split in several subheaders to improve readability and
|
||||
maintainance. The subheaders must not be #included directly. lzma.h
|
||||
requires that certain integer types and macros are available when
|
||||
the header is #included. On systems that have inttypes.h that conforms
|
||||
to C99, the following will work:
|
||||
|
||||
#include <sys/types.h>
|
||||
#include <inttypes.h>
|
||||
#include <lzma.h>
|
||||
|
||||
Those who have used zlib should find liblzma's API easy to use.
|
||||
To developers who haven't used zlib before, I recommend learning
|
||||
zlib first, because zlib has excellent documentation.
|
||||
|
||||
While the API is similar to that of zlib, there are some major
|
||||
differences, which are summarized below.
|
||||
|
||||
For basic stream encoding, zlib has three functions (deflateInit(),
|
||||
deflate(), and deflateEnd()). Similarly, there are three functions
|
||||
for stream decoding (inflateInit(), inflate(), and inflateEnd()).
|
||||
liblzma has only single coding and ending function. Thus, to
|
||||
encode one may use, for example, lzma_stream_encoder_single(),
|
||||
lzma_code(), and lzma_end(). Simlarly for decoding, one may
|
||||
use lzma_auto_decoder(), lzma_code(), and lzma_end().
|
||||
|
||||
zlib has deflateReset() and inflateReset() to reset the stream
|
||||
structure without reallocating all the memory. In liblzma, all
|
||||
coder initialization functions are like zlib's reset functions:
|
||||
the first-time initializations are done with the same functions
|
||||
as the reinitializations (resetting).
|
||||
|
||||
To make all this work, liblzma needs to know when lzma_stream
|
||||
doesn't already point to an allocated and initialized coder.
|
||||
This is achieved by initializing lzma_stream structure with
|
||||
LZMA_STREAM_INIT (static initialization) or LZMA_STREAM_INIT_VAR
|
||||
(for exampple when new lzma_stream has been allocated with malloc()).
|
||||
This initialization should be done exactly once per lzma_stream
|
||||
structure to avoid leaking memory. Calling lzma_end() will leave
|
||||
lzma_stream into a state comparable to the state achieved with
|
||||
LZMA_STREAM_INIT and LZMA_STREAM_INIT_VAR.
|
||||
|
||||
Example probably clarifies a lot. With zlib, compression goes
|
||||
roughly like this:
|
||||
|
||||
z_stream strm;
|
||||
deflateInit(&strm, level);
|
||||
deflate(&strm, Z_RUN);
|
||||
deflate(&strm, Z_RUN);
|
||||
...
|
||||
deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);
|
||||
deflateEnd(&strm) or deflateReset(&strm)
|
||||
|
||||
With liblzma, it's slightly different:
|
||||
|
||||
lzma_stream strm = LZMA_STREAM_INIT;
|
||||
lzma_stream_encoder_single(&strm, &options);
|
||||
lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_RUN);
|
||||
lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_RUN);
|
||||
...
|
||||
lzma_code(&strm, LZMA_FINISH);
|
||||
lzma_end(&strm) or reinitialize for new coding work
|
||||
|
||||
Reinitialization in the last step can be any function that can
|
||||
initialize lzma_stream; it doesn't need to be the same function
|
||||
that was used for the previous initialization. If it is the same
|
||||
function, liblzma will usually be able to re-use most of the
|
||||
existing memory allocations (depends on how much the initialization
|
||||
options change). If you reinitialize with different function,
|
||||
liblzma will automatically free the memory of the previous coder.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File formats
|
||||
|
||||
liblzma supports multiple container formats for the compressed data.
|
||||
Different initialization functions initialize the lzma_stream to
|
||||
process different container formats. See the details from the public
|
||||
header files.
|
||||
|
||||
The following functions are the most commonly used:
|
||||
|
||||
- lzma_stream_encoder_single(): Encodes Single-Block Stream; this
|
||||
the recommended format for most purporses.
|
||||
|
||||
- lzma_alone_encoder(): Useful if you need to encode into the
|
||||
legacy LZMA_Alone format.
|
||||
|
||||
- lzma_auto_decoder(): Decoder that automatically detects the
|
||||
file format; recommended when you decode compressed files on
|
||||
disk, because this way compatibility with the legacy LZMA_Alone
|
||||
format is transparent.
|
||||
|
||||
- lzma_stream_decoder(): Decoder for Single- and Multi-Block
|
||||
Streams; this is good if you want to accept only .lzma Streams.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Filters
|
||||
|
||||
liblzma supports multiple filters (algorithm implementations). The new
|
||||
.lzma format supports filter-chain having up to seven filters. In the
|
||||
filter chain, the output of one filter is input of the next filter in
|
||||
the chain. The legacy LZMA_Alone format supports only one filter, and
|
||||
that must always be LZMA.
|
||||
|
||||
General-purporse compression:
|
||||
|
||||
LZMA The main algorithm of liblzma (surprise!)
|
||||
|
||||
Branch/Call/Jump filters for executables:
|
||||
|
||||
x86 This filter is known as BCJ in 7-Zip
|
||||
IA64 IA-64 (Itanium)
|
||||
PowerPC Big endian PowerPC
|
||||
ARM
|
||||
ARM-Thumb
|
||||
SPARC
|
||||
|
||||
Other filters:
|
||||
|
||||
Copy Dummy filter that simply copies all the data
|
||||
from input to output.
|
||||
|
||||
Subblock Multi-purporse filter, that can
|
||||
- embed End of Payload Marker if the previous
|
||||
filter in the chain doesn't support it; and
|
||||
- apply Subfilters, which filter only part
|
||||
of the same compressed Block in the Stream.
|
||||
|
||||
Branch/Call/Jump filters never change the size of the data. They
|
||||
should usually be used as a pre-filter for some compression filter
|
||||
like LZMA.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Integrity checks
|
||||
|
||||
The .lzma Stream format uses CRC32 as the integrity check for
|
||||
different file format headers. It is possible to omit CRC32 from
|
||||
the Block Headers, but not from Stream Header. This is the reason
|
||||
why CRC32 code cannot be disabled when building liblzma (in addition,
|
||||
the LZMA encoder uses CRC32 for hashing, so that's another reason).
|
||||
|
||||
The integrity check of the actual data is calculated from the
|
||||
uncompressed data. This check can be CRC32, CRC64, or SHA256.
|
||||
It can also be omitted completely, although that usually is not
|
||||
a good thing to do. There are free IDs left, so support for new
|
||||
checks algorithms can be added later.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
API and ABI stability
|
||||
|
||||
The API and ABI of liblzma isn't stable yet, although no huge
|
||||
changes should happen. One potential place for change is the
|
||||
lzma_options_subblock structure.
|
||||
|
||||
In the 4.42.0alpha phase, the shared library version number won't
|
||||
be updated even if ABI breaks. I don't want to track the ABI changes
|
||||
yet. Just rebuild everything when you upgrade liblzma until we get
|
||||
to the beta stage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Size of the library
|
||||
|
||||
While liblzma isn't huge, it is quite far from the smallest possible
|
||||
LZMA implementation: full liblzma binary (with support for all
|
||||
filters and other features) is way over 100 KiB, but the plain raw
|
||||
LZMA decoder is only 5-10 KiB.
|
||||
|
||||
To decrease the size of the library, you can omit parts of the library
|
||||
by passing certain options to the `configure' script. Disabling
|
||||
everything but the decoders of the require filters will usually give
|
||||
you a small enough library, but if you need a decoder for example
|
||||
embedded in the operating system kernel, the code from liblzma probably
|
||||
isn't suitable as is.
|
||||
|
||||
If you need a minimal implementation supporting .lzma Streams, you
|
||||
may need to do partial rewrite. liblzma uses stateful API like zlib.
|
||||
That increases the size of the library. Using callback API or even
|
||||
simpler buffer-to-buffer API would allow smaller implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
LZMA SDK contains smaller LZMA decoder written in ANSI-C than
|
||||
liblzma, so you may want to take a look at that code. However,
|
||||
it doesn't (at least not yet) support the new .lzma Stream format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Documentation
|
||||
|
||||
There's no other documentation than the public headers and this
|
||||
text yet. Real docs will be written some day, I hope.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Using liblzma securely
|
||||
----------------------
|
||||
|
||||
0. Introduction
|
||||
|
||||
This document discusses how to use liblzma securely. There are issues
|
||||
that don't apply to zlib or libbzip2, so reading this document is
|
||||
strongly recommended even for those who are very familiar with zlib
|
||||
or libbzip2.
|
||||
|
||||
While making liblzma itself as secure as possible is essential, it's
|
||||
out of scope of this document.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Memory usage
|
||||
|
||||
The memory usage of liblzma varies a lot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1. Problem sources
|
||||
|
||||
1.1.1. Block coder
|
||||
|
||||
The memory requirements of Block encoder depend on the used filters
|
||||
and their settings. The memory requirements of the Block decoder
|
||||
depend on the which filters and with which filter settings the Block
|
||||
was encoded. Usually the memory requirements of a decoder are equal
|
||||
or less than the requirements of the encoder with the same settings.
|
||||
|
||||
While the typical memory requirements to decode a Block is from a few
|
||||
hundred kilobytes to tens of megabytes, a maliciously constructed
|
||||
files can require a lot more RAM to decode. With the current filters,
|
||||
the maximum amount is about 7 GiB. If you use multi-threaded decoding,
|
||||
every Block can require this amount of RAM, thus a four-threaded
|
||||
decoder could suddenly try to allocate 28 GiB of RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't limit the maximum memory usage in any way, and there are
|
||||
no resource limits set on the operating system side, one malicious
|
||||
input file can run the system out of memory, or at least make it swap
|
||||
badly for a long time. This is exceptionally bad on servers e.g.
|
||||
email server doing virus scanning on incoming messages.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.1.2. Metadata decoder
|
||||
|
||||
Multi-Block .lzma files contain at least one Metadata Block.
|
||||
Externally the Metadata Blocks are similar to Data Blocks, so all
|
||||
the issues mentioned about memory usage of Data Blocks applies to
|
||||
Metadata Blocks too.
|
||||
|
||||
The uncompressed content of Metadata Blocks contain information about
|
||||
the Stream as a whole, and optionally some Extra Records. The
|
||||
information about the Stream is kept in liblzma's internal data
|
||||
structures in RAM. Extra Records can contain arbitrary data. They are
|
||||
not interpreted by liblzma, but liblzma will provide them to the
|
||||
application in uninterpreted form if the application wishes so.
|
||||
|
||||
Usually the Uncompressed Size of a Metadata Block is small. Even on
|
||||
extreme cases, it shouldn't be much bigger than a few megabytes. Once
|
||||
the Metadata has been parsed into native data structures in liblzma,
|
||||
it usually takes a little more memory than in the encoded form. For
|
||||
all normal files, this is no problem, since the resulting memory usage
|
||||
won't be too much.
|
||||
|
||||
The problem is that a maliciously constructed Metadata Block can
|
||||
contain huge amount of "information", which liblzma will try to store
|
||||
in its internal data structures. This may cause liblzma to allocate
|
||||
all the available RAM unless some kind of resource usage limits are
|
||||
applied.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the Extra Records in Metadata are always parsed but, but
|
||||
memory is allocated for them only if the application has requested
|
||||
liblzma to provide the Extra Records to the application.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2. Solutions
|
||||
|
||||
If you need to decode files from untrusted sources (most people do),
|
||||
you must limit the memory usage to avoid denial of service (DoS)
|
||||
conditions caused by malicious input files.
|
||||
|
||||
The first step is to find out how much memory you are allowed consume
|
||||
at maximum. This may be a hardcoded constant or derived from the
|
||||
available RAM; whatever is appropriate in the application.
|
||||
|
||||
The simplest solution is to use setrlimit() if the kernel supports
|
||||
RLIMIT_AS, which limits the memory usage of the whole process.
|
||||
For more portable and fine-grained limiting, you can use
|
||||
memory limiter functions found from <lzma/memlimit.h>.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2.1. Encoder
|
||||
|
||||
lzma_memory_usage() will give you a rough estimate about the memory
|
||||
usage of the given filter chain. To dramatically simplify the internal
|
||||
implementation, this function doesn't take into account all the small
|
||||
helper data structures needed in various places; only the structures
|
||||
with significant memory usage are taken into account. Still, the
|
||||
accuracy of this function should be well within a mebibyte.
|
||||
|
||||
The Subblock filter is a special case. If a Subfilter has been
|
||||
specified, it isn't taken into account when lzma_memory_usage()
|
||||
calculates the memory usage. You need to calculate the memory usage
|
||||
of the Subfilter separately.
|
||||
|
||||
Keeping track of Blocks in a Multi-Block Stream takes a few dozen
|
||||
bytes of RAM per Block (size of the lzma_index structure plus overhead
|
||||
of malloc()). It isn't a good idea to put tens of thousands of Blocks
|
||||
into a Stream unless you have a very good reason to do so (compressed
|
||||
dictionary could be an example of such situation).
|
||||
|
||||
Also keep the number and sizes of Extra Records sane. If you produce
|
||||
the list of Extra Records automatically from some untrusted source,
|
||||
you should not only validate the content of these Records, but also
|
||||
their memory usage.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.2.2. Decoder
|
||||
|
||||
A single-threaded decoder should simply use a memory limiter and
|
||||
indicate an error if it runs out of memory.
|
||||
|
||||
Memory-limiting with multi-threaded decoding is tricky. The simple
|
||||
solution is to divide the maximum allowed memory usage with the
|
||||
maximum allowed threads, and give each Block decoder their own
|
||||
independent lzma_memory_limiter. The drawback is that if one Block
|
||||
needs notably more RAM than any other Block, the decoder will run out
|
||||
of memory when in reality there would be plenty of free RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
An attractive alternative would be using shared lzma_memory_limiter.
|
||||
Depending on the application and the expected type of input, this may
|
||||
either be the best solution or a source of hard-to-repeat problems.
|
||||
Consider the following requirements:
|
||||
- You use a maximum of n threads.
|
||||
- x(i) is the decoder memory requirements of the Block number i
|
||||
in an expected input Stream.
|
||||
- The memory limiter is set to higher value than the sum of n
|
||||
highest values x(i).
|
||||
|
||||
(If you are better at explaining the above conditions, please
|
||||
contribute your improved version.)
|
||||
|
||||
If the above conditions aren't met, it is possible that the decoding
|
||||
will fail unpredictably. That is, on the same machine using the same
|
||||
settings, the decoding may sometimes succeed and sometimes fail. This
|
||||
is because sometimes threads may run so that the Blocks with highest
|
||||
memory usage are tried to be decoded at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
Most .lzma files have all the Blocks encoded with identical settings,
|
||||
or at least the memory usage won't vary dramatically. That's why most
|
||||
multi-threaded decoders probably want to use the simple "separate
|
||||
lzma_memory_limiter for each thread" solution, possibly falling back
|
||||
to single-threaded mode in case the per-thread memory limits aren't
|
||||
enough in multi-threaded mode.
|
||||
|
||||
FIXME: Memory usage of Stream info.
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2. Huge uncompressed output
|
||||
|
||||
2.1. Data Blocks
|
||||
|
||||
Decoding a tiny .lzma file can produce huge amount of uncompressed
|
||||
output. There is an example file of 45 bytes, which decodes to 64 PiB
|
||||
(that's 2^56 bytes). Uncompressing such a file to disk is likely to
|
||||
fill even a bigger disk array. If the data is written to a pipe, it
|
||||
may not fill the disk, but would still take very long time to finish.
|
||||
|
||||
To avoid denial of service conditions caused by huge amount of
|
||||
uncompressed output, applications using liblzma should use some method
|
||||
to limit the amount of output produced. The exact method depends on
|
||||
the application.
|
||||
|
||||
All valid .lzma Streams make it possible to find out the uncompressed
|
||||
size of the Stream without actually uncompressing the data. This
|
||||
information is available in at least one of the Metadata Blocks.
|
||||
Once the uncompressed size is parsed, the decoder can verify that
|
||||
it doesn't exceed certain limits (e.g. available disk space).
|
||||
|
||||
When the uncompressed size is known, the decoder can actively keep
|
||||
track of the amount of output produced so far, and that it doesn't
|
||||
exceed the known uncompressed size. If it does exceed, the file is
|
||||
known to be corrupt and an error should be indicated without
|
||||
continuing to decode the rest of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, finding the uncompressed size beforehand is often
|
||||
possible only in non-streamed mode, because the needed information
|
||||
could be in the Footer Metdata Block, which (obviously) is at the
|
||||
end of the Stream. In purely streamed mode decoding, one may need to
|
||||
use some rough arbitrary limits to prevent the problems described in
|
||||
the beginning of this section.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.2. Metadata
|
||||
|
||||
Metadata is stored in Metadata Blocks, which are very similar to
|
||||
Data Blocks. Thus, the uncompressed size can be huge just like with
|
||||
Data Blocks. The difference is, that the contents of Metadata Blocks
|
||||
aren't given to the application as is, but parsed by liblzma. Still,
|
||||
reading through a huge Metadata can take very long time, effectively
|
||||
creating a denial of service like piping decoded a Data Block to
|
||||
another process would do.
|
||||
|
||||
At first it would seem that using a memory limiter would prevent
|
||||
this issue as a side effect. But it does so only if the application
|
||||
requests liblzma to allocate the Extra Records and provide them to
|
||||
the application. If Extra Records aren't requested, they aren't
|
||||
allocated either. Still, the Extra Records are being read through
|
||||
to validate that the Metadata is in proper format.
|
||||
|
||||
The solution is to limit the Uncompressed Size of a Metadata Block
|
||||
to some relatively large value. This will make liblzma to give an
|
||||
error when the given limit is reached.
|
||||
|
|
@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
|
|||
|
||||
Introduction to the lzma command line tool
|
||||
------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Overview
|
||||
|
||||
The lzma command line tool is similar to gzip and bzip2, but for
|
||||
compressing and uncompressing .lzma files.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Supported file formats
|
||||
|
||||
By default, the tool creates files in the new .lzma format. This can
|
||||
be overriden with --format=FMT command line option. Use --format=alone
|
||||
to create files in the old LZMA_Alone format.
|
||||
|
||||
By default, the tool uncompresses both the new .lzma format and
|
||||
LZMA_Alone format. This is to make it transparent to switch from
|
||||
the old LZMA_Alone format to the new .lzma format. Since both
|
||||
formats use the same filename suffix, average user should never
|
||||
notice which format was used.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Differences to gzip and bzip2
|
||||
|
||||
Standard input and output
|
||||
|
||||
Both gzip and bzip2 refuse to write compressed data to a terminal and
|
||||
read compressed data from a terminal. With gzip (but not with bzip2),
|
||||
this can be overriden with the `--force' option. lzma follows the
|
||||
behavior of gzip here.
|
||||
|
||||
Usage of LZMA_OPT environment variable
|
||||
|
||||
gzip and bzip2 read GZIP and BZIP2 environment variables at startup.
|
||||
These variables may contain extra command line options.
|
||||
|
||||
gzip and bzip2 allow passing not only options, but also end-of-options
|
||||
indicator (`--') and filenames via the environment variable. No quoting
|
||||
is supported with the filenames.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are examples with gzip. bzip2 behaves identically.
|
||||
|
||||
bash$ echo asdf > 'foo bar'
|
||||
bash$ GZIP='"foo bar"' gzip
|
||||
gzip: "foo: No such file or directory
|
||||
gzip: bar": No such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
bash$ GZIP=-- gzip --help
|
||||
gzip: --help: No such file or directory
|
||||
|
||||
lzma silently ignores all non-option arguments given via the
|
||||
environment variable LZMA_OPT. Like on the command line, everything
|
||||
after `--' is taken as non-options, and thus ignored in LZMA_OPT.
|
||||
|
||||
bash$ LZMA_OPT='--help' lzma --version # Displays help
|
||||
bash$ LZMA_OPT='-- --help' lzma --version # Displays version
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Filter chain presets
|
||||
|
||||
Like in gzip and bzip2, lzma supports numbered presets from 1 to 9
|
||||
where 1 is the fastest and 9 the best compression. 1 and 2 are for
|
||||
fast compressing with small memory usage, 3 to 6 for good compression
|
||||
ratio with medium memory usage, and 7 to 9 for excellent compression
|
||||
ratio with higher memory requirements. The default is 7 if memory
|
||||
usage limit allows.
|
||||
|
||||
In future, there will probably be an option like --preset=NAME, which
|
||||
will contain more special presets for specific file types.
|
||||
|
||||
It's also possible that there will be some heuristics to select good
|
||||
filters. For example, the tool could detect when a .tar archive is
|
||||
being compressed, and enable x86 filter only for those files in the
|
||||
.tar archive that are ELF or PE executables for x86.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Specifying custom filter chains
|
||||
|
||||
Custom filter chains are specified by using long options with the name
|
||||
of the filters in correct order. For example, to pass the input data to
|
||||
the x86 filter and the output of that to the LZMA filter, the following
|
||||
command will do:
|
||||
|
||||
lzma --x86 --lzma filename
|
||||
|
||||
Some filters accept options, which are specified as a comma-separated
|
||||
list of key=value pairs:
|
||||
|
||||
lzma --delta=distance=4 --lzma=dict=4Mi,lc=8,lp=2 filename
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Memory usage control
|
||||
|
||||
By default, the command line tool limits memory usage to 1/3 of the
|
||||
available physical RAM. If no preset or custom filter chain has been
|
||||
given, the default preset will be used. If the memory limit is too
|
||||
low for the default preset, the tool will silently switch to lower
|
||||
preset.
|
||||
|
||||
When a preset or a custom filter chain has been specified and the
|
||||
memory limit is too low, an error message is displayed and no files
|
||||
are processed.
|
||||
|
||||
If the decoder hits the memory usage limit, an error is displayed and
|
||||
no more files are processed.
|
||||
|
Loading…
Reference in a new issue